Penguin food - Most species of penguins feed on small fish, krill, and squid. Searching for food. Most penguins seek their food within 15.3 and 18.3 meters deep, but, according to their diet, there are two types of penguins: 1. Species who look for food about 20 kilometers off the coast and the colony. African penguin (Spheniscus demersus)

 
King penguins are the second largest penguin. Males tend to be slightly larger than females. Their body mass changes throughout the breeding season. When the birds return to their colonies and start courting they weigh 10–15kg. By the end of the breeding season, they may weigh only 8–11kg. King penguins have bright orange ear patches that .... Best way to download music

The list of employers who will help their employees pay down their student debt through matching contributions is growing. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and ...All known species of penguins live naturally in the southern hemisphere of the world. They actually occupy habitats which are located on each of the five continents within the sout...Penguin. Penguins are a group of aquatic flightless birds from the family Spheniscidae ( / sfɪˈnɪsɪdiː, - daɪ /) of the order Sphenisciformes ( / sfɪˈnɪsəfɔːrmiːz / ). [4] They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere: only one species, the Galápagos penguin, is found north of the Equator. Adélie penguins breed and raise their young on the continent of Antarctica. In September and October—springtime in that part of the world—thousands of Adélies gather on the rocky Antarctic shoreline. The huge gatherings are called colonies. Adélie penguins build nests by scooping out areas in the ground. The female usually lays two eggs in the nest. Adélie …Learn about the carnivorous diet of penguins, who mostly eat crustaceans, fish, and cephalopods like squid and cuttlefish. Find out how they hunt, fast, and feed their young in different species and …Penking, a Water and Ice Element Pal, can be found in the No. 1 Wildlife Sanctuary and the Sealed Realm of the Frozen Wings in Palworld. Learn how to get Penking, the best breeding combos to breed Penking, its day, night, and Alpha boss location, stats and IVs, its Active and best Passive skills, work suitability, and item drops!Adélie penguins feed primarily on small krill, while chinstraps forage for large krill. Emperor and king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. Food Intake. Intake varies with the quantity and variety of food available from …The Penguin Innovative Engineering Company has been in existence since 1992 and is known for its innovative manufacturing that has brought about a lot of Automation in the food manufacturing industry. The young owner of the company joint Mr. Aakash Gajjar produced 101 fresh inventions as a student during his engineering days.Penguin City Beer, Youngstown, Ohio. 10,057 likes · 314 talking about this. Penguin City Beer is a crisp golden ale brewed with high-quality malts and hops, blending the classic and modern with a nod...The penguins suffer from the introduced sheep and cattle that can trample their nests as well as negatively affect the environment by overgrazing. And finally, environmental changes hugely impact the population of these penguins that are exposed to food shortages because of changes of the sea temperature, which, in turn, leads to sharp decline ...Scientists have demonstrated that these penguins can dive to depths of at least 1700 feet (500 m) in search of food. Though they feed in the open ocean, emperor penguins nest on the ice surface. This penguin is the only species that nests during the winter, and its nesting cycle is fascinating. After mating, the female lays a single, large egg ...Freeze until solid, about 2 hours. Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F. Position racks in the upper and lower thirds of the oven. Line 2 baking sheets with parchment. Cut 1/4 inch off each end of ...Vampire Penguin shaved snow is a unique interpretation of shaved ice. Not to be confused with snow cones, Vampire Penguin shaved snow is light, smooth, and fluffy. Our snow is non-dairy based and has 4x less sugar and fat than ice cream or yogurt. We are vegan friendly and gluten free. We do not shave our ice then pour on lots of flavored syrups.7. Fast food. On land, Adélies waddle around about 1.5mph. In the water however, they’re pretty fast, as they’re built for swimming. An Adelie penguin can swim at around 2.5 - 5 mph, but it can reach speeds of up to 9.3 mph when hunting, or fleeing from its predators, like leopard seals or orca whales.King penguins are the second largest penguin. Males tend to be slightly larger than females. Their body mass changes throughout the breeding season. When the birds return to their colonies and start courting they weigh 10–15kg. By the end of the breeding season, they may weigh only 8–11kg. King penguins have bright orange ear patches that ...How do penguins catch their food while they are swimming and do they have teeth Adélie Penguins do not have teeth but the edges of their beak are VERY sharp. Their mouth and tongues are lined with stiff spines that point backward, down the throat. You've got a few minutes to throw a meal together, but you don't want to sacrifice taste just because you have no time. What's your go-to, dead-simple meal? Everybody's got one; I'...To make the penguin, students will squeeze a small amount of white frosting in the middle of the Oreo and “glue” on the two eyes and tic-tac nose. You can add a small dot of white frosting for the belly, if you'd like. To attach the feet, squeeze out white frosting on the bottom of the Oreo. Attach the pretzels and hold for a minute to let ...Dec 7, 2023 · PPG Paints Arena Food. PPG Paints Arena (originally Consol Energy Center) is home to the Pittsburgh Penguins NHL team. The arena opened in 2010 near downtown Pittsburgh at 1001 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219. Outside of hosting hockey games, PPG Paints Arena hosts concerts, performances, trade shows, events, and more throughout the ... Mar 5, 2022 · Penguin Eating Habits and Diet Summary. You now know what do penguins eat in the wild as well as the typical food in a penguin’s diet. As you discovered in this guide, penguins are carnivores that prey on various species for nutrition with a penguin’s favorite food being things like krill, squid, and fish. Penguins can't fly like other birds in search of food. Since they are aquatic birds, they hunt their food underwater. They swim deep in the open ocean using ...Penguin - Flightless, Adaptations, Aquatic: Penguins are highly specialized for their flightless aquatic existence; features include a a flipper as a forelimb, very short feathers, and salt glands. There are fossils dating to about 50 million years ago, some giant in size. Order Sphenisciformes has 18–21 species in six genera: Eudyptes, Spheniscus, …Penguins have a diverse diet that primarily consists of marine organisms. Their food preferences vary depending on their species and geographic location. Common prey items include fish, krill, squid, and crustaceans. Penguins are adept hunters, utilizing their streamlined bodies and specialized hunting techniques to secure their meals.In contrast, the smallest penguin, the little blue or the fairy penguin, is 10 – 12 inches (25 – 30 cm)in height, and its average weight is 2.2 lbs (1 kilogram). Although penguins can not fly, they are excellent swimmers! Their wings act like strong flippers, helping them to move quickly through the water. Penguins swim to depths of 20 ...Learn how to draw animals using our easy, step-by-step instructions. Helpful diagrams guide you in drawing a horse, cat, penguin, rabbit, and more. Advertisement Drawing animals ca...Climate change is a growing concern for penguins that live in Antarctica—the emperor penguin and the Adelie penguin. These species depend on sea ice for access to food and for places to breed. But the sea ice has been disappearing, and …The male King penguin incubates the egg as much as male Emperor penguins do, however, the King penguins do this during the warmer summer season, when more food is available. Once the egg is laid, the male will care for it. The female goes to the open sea and will return in around 21 days to take her turn keeping the egg warm.Puffle Food was a special food that could be eaten by puffles. It was sold in the Puffle Catalog and could be obtained from Puffle Digging, while only food from the catalog was available to all players. The cheapest and most efficient way to feed your Puffle was to not give it anything if the food bar was not at least in half, but give it one apple if the food …A Rockford tradition since 1948 offering full service catering and old world meat market. Specializing in culinary comfort foods to please any palate and pocketbook: European sausages, fresh bakery breads, smoked meats, deli products, and custom cut meat processing. Browse our site for corporate and social catering ideas, menus and prices for ...Penguins are sadly one of the most threatened groups of seabirds, with half of the 18 species listed by Birdlife as either Vulnerable or Endangered. While penguins are well adapted to their environments, human impacts are hitting their homes too hard and too fast for them to cope. The threats are numerous, including habitat loss, pollution ...The Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is the tallest and heaviest of all living penguin species and is endemic to Antarctica.Like all penguins, it is flightless, with a streamlined body, and wings stiffened and flattened into flippers for a marine habitat. The lifespan of the Emperor penguin is typically 20 years in the wild, although some individuals may live to …Food Habits. Emperor penguins are carnivorous and primarily feed on fish, crustaceans, and molluscs. They feed on fish and krill the most, as they are most abundant in the ocean surrounding Antarctica. Emperor penguins have a rough and spiky-textured tongue, which helps them catch and eat slippery fish and squids more easily.Unwrap the chocolatey chuckle of McVitie's Penguin. Cookie Policy. We use cookies for analytics and performance purposes. You can read about how we use cookies here and …Feb 21, 2023 · When food is readily available and abundant, penguins spend much of their day foraging for food. Little penguins can spend all day in the water hunting, and Yellow-eyed penguins have been recorded making as many as 200 dives per day! Penguins fast when food becomes scarce, or during the breeding season where penguins are unable to hunt all day. Penguins find all their food in the sea and are carnivores. They eat mostly fish and squid. They also eat crustaceans, such as crabs, shrimp, and krill. A large penguin can collect up to 30 fish in one dive. Penguins (and any animal) that eat only fish are called piscivorous. [3] Penguins spend several hours a day preening or caring for their ...Snack like a Penguin. Since penguins like to eat fish, have fun with fish-shaped snacks before eating them. Bonus: this penguin activity can also be a math lesson! Build a yummy penguin-shaped snack using crackers, black olives, cream cheese, and carrot pieces as shown on Fantastic Fun and Learning.; Create a penguin snack using bananas, …Magellanic penguins often travel in large groups when searching for food in open ocean. They are migratory, traveling south to breed and raise chicks. Nearly 200,000 birds have been known to accumulate in their summer breeding grounds. They make a wide variety of sounds, including a moo, bleat, cackle, and two-toned bray, which are thought to ...Penguins sleep on both land and as they float at sea. It is not unusual for penguins to sleep standing up, although they also sleep laying down.Penguin Food Delivery. 10,206 likes. We provide catering services in KL/Selangor area. Wedding, birthday, gathering & etc. Minimum 10 paxOne of 18 penguin species, the Magellanic penguin is known for its black body and white belly, countershading that helps it avoid predators while swimming. When seen from above, a penguin’s ... Instructions. Print out the penguin and dice on white cardstock. Cut the die out and fold along the lines to glue into cube. Set up a small bowl of goldfish crackers. Ask your child to roll the die. Whatever number lands …Dec 15, 2013 · Penguin UK, Dec 15, 2013 - Cooking - 304 pages. This first-ever comprehensive guide to regional food across India takes you on a mouth-watering journey through the homes, streets and restaurants of each state, exploring exotic and everyday fare in equal measure. Be it the lime-laced Moplah biryani, the Goan Galinha cafreal, the bhang ka raita ... Penguin - Flightless, Antarctic, Aquatic: Many features of the life cycle vary with body size and geographic distribution. Most species breed in the austral spring or summer. Penguins are adapted for rapid locomotion in water, in which the wings, or flippers, are used for propulsion. The type of food utilized varies with the species, geographic region, and time of year. The penguin food chain is a series of organisms that are linked together by their dependence on one another for food. At the bottom of the food chain are the small aquatic organisms such as krill and fish, which are the primary food source for penguins. Penguins consume a variety of fish species, including anchovies, sardines, herring, and ... Penguin City Beer, Youngstown, Ohio. 10,057 likes · 314 talking about this. Penguin City Beer is a crisp golden ale brewed with high-quality malts and hops, blending the classic and modern with a nod...Penguin diet affects their health, growth rate, breeding success and survival. Climate change impacts penguin food sources, threatening certain species. Penguin feeding methods include hunting, foraging and stealing food from others. Parents feed regurgitated food to baby chicks. Penguins can consume up to 30% of their body weight in prey daily. Jun 21, 2023 · A study published in Ecology found that a King Penguin can eat up to 2 kg of food daily during the summer months. Note: Just as we sometimes eat more or less depending on the day, penguins too, sometimes eat different amounts of food daily. The amount they eat can change with the seasons, the penguin’s reproductive status, and food availability. Nice quiet place on a weekday dinner. The food here is tasty. Phad thai here is quite good. Looks delicious, its not very spicy. 1 Like.Penguins can't fly like other birds in search of food. Since they are aquatic birds, they hunt their food underwater. They swim deep in the open ocean using ...The Little Penguin is the smallest species of penguin, weighing only one kilogram (2.2 pounds) and ~33 cm (13 inches) tall. Every year during the reproductive season, parents engage on daily journeys to find food for their newborns, and their adventures are witnessed by ecotourists at nature parks that protect the delicate habitat …Jan 7, 2020 · To make the penguin, students will squeeze a small amount of white frosting in the middle of the Oreo and “glue” on the two eyes and tic-tac nose. You can add a small dot of white frosting for the belly, if you'd like. To attach the feet, squeeze out white frosting on the bottom of the Oreo. Attach the pretzels and hold for a minute to let ... Snack like a Penguin. Since penguins like to eat fish, have fun with fish-shaped snacks before eating them. Bonus: this penguin activity can also be a math lesson! Build a yummy penguin-shaped snack using crackers, black olives, cream cheese, and carrot pieces as shown on Fantastic Fun and Learning.; Create a penguin snack using bananas, …Adélie penguins feed primarily on small krill, while chinstraps forage for large krill. Emperor and king penguins mainly eat fishes and squids. Food Intake. Intake varies with the quantity and variety of food available from …recommendations, The Penguin Food Guide to India is your ideal companion to the delightful world of Indian cuisine. Share at: Imprint: India Penguin. Published: Dec/2013. ISBN: 9780143414568. Length : 424 Pages. MRP : ₹499.00 The Penguin Food Guide To India Charmaine O'Brien. This first-ever comprehensive guide to regional food across …25 Jan 2024 ... ... food webs, particularly such as that of the endangered Galapagos penguin.” - This press release was originally published on the UBC ...Penguin Food Bar Fast Food - Penguin, Tasmania, 7316, Business Owners - Is Penguin Food Bar in Penguin, TAS your business? Attract more customers by adding ...The amount of food that penguins eat will vary based on their body size, daily activities, and seasonal changes. But when they are able to find a lot of food, they will eat a lot. For instance, Yellow-eyed penguins make around 200 dives per day when their food is abundant. Like other penguin species, gentoo penguins rely on the ocean for food and are never far from the water. These penguins take advantage of stream-lined bodies and strong “flippers” in the water to dive more than 600 feet deep and swim up to 22 miles an hour, the fastest of any other diving bird.Penguins usually live in places free of land predators, against which they would be defenceless. However, in water, penguins are hunted by leopard seals and killer whales. Leopard seals cruise the ice edge next to penguin colonies, waiting for the birds to plunge into the water. Food. The penguin diet consists mainly of fish and squid and ...Penguin City Beer, Youngstown, Ohio. 10,057 likes · 314 talking about this. Penguin City Beer is a crisp golden ale brewed with high-quality malts and hops, blending the classic and modern with a nod...Great Penguins. The diet of the King penguins rely mainly in fish and squid and include a small amount of krill and other crustaceans. Fish constitute 80-100% of the diet, except in winter, when fish is only 30% of the intake. Lantern Fish are the main fish eaten by Penguins. The Emperor penguin diet is made up fish, crustaceans and cephalopods. Penguin UK, Dec 15, 2013 - Cooking - 304 pages. This first-ever comprehensive guide to regional food across India takes you on a mouth-watering journey through the homes, streets and restaurants of each state, exploring exotic and everyday fare in equal measure. Be it the lime-laced Moplah biryani, the Goan Galinha cafreal, the bhang ka raita ...Restaurant. M. Penguin Diner 2 is here to serve another slice of chaos in the kitchen. Penny the Penguin protagonist is dissatisfied with the food after returning home and decides to open up her own restaurant. It’s a hit with the local penguins, so you’ll have to move quickly to fulfill their orders and take their tips!recommendations, The Penguin Food Guide to India is your ideal companion to the delightful world of Indian cuisine. Share at: Imprint: India Penguin. Published: Dec/2013. ISBN: 9780143414568. Length : 424 Pages. MRP : ₹499.00 The Penguin Food Guide To India Charmaine O'Brien. This first-ever comprehensive guide to regional food across …The royal penguin is a distinctive subspecies of crested penguin, with a yellow-orange crest and a white face. It lives on the subantarctic islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, where it feeds on krill, fish and squid. Learn more about the royal penguin's lifestyle, social behavior, mating habits, diet and nutrition, population size and status on Animalia.bio, a …Mia Council started at Penguin Press in 2017. Her list includes Acceptance: A Memoir by Emi Nietfeld and the forthcoming Disillusioned: Five Families and the Unraveling of America’s Suburbs by Benjamin Herold and My First Book by Honor Levy. She is a graduate of Smith College and the Columbia Publishing Course and is a Virginia native now living …Nov 5, 2020 · Learn about the carnivorous diet of penguins, who mostly eat crustaceans, fish, and cephalopods like squid and cuttlefish. Find out how they hunt, fast, and feed their young in different species and habitats. Discover the role of stones in their stomachs and the challenges of living in Antarctica or tropical islands. Food in Club Penguin — for penguins and puffles . A. Anniversary Cakes. Apple (disambiguation) C. Candy. Candy Apples. Canned Drink. Carrots.Class price: $145/student. Our classes are organized by level (one, two, or three) and with both afternoon and evening/weekend times available. Each session is four weeks with class meeting once a week for four weeks during your scheduled time. The class price includes all supplies, 5 to 10lbs fired clay, and open studio. Please be sure to read ... The penguin population grew rapidly from the 1960s to the 1990s ... When the pack ice has not yet broken up, finding food nearby can be a problem. Adélies may have to walk over 50 km across the ice to reach the sea. Individuals always return to the same nest and the same mate, if they can. By mid-November there are 2 eggs in the nest.The king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) is the second largest species of penguin, smaller, but somewhat similar in appearance to the emperor penguin.There are two subspecies, A. p. patagonicus and A. p. halli; patagonicus is found in the South Atlantic and halli in the South Indian Ocean (at the Kerguelen Islands, Crozet Island, Prince Edward …The diet of the King penguins rely mainly in fish and squid and include a small amount of krill and other crustaceans. Fish constitute 80-100% of the diet, except in winter, when fish is only 30% of the intake. Lantern Fish are the main fish eaten by Penguins. The Emperor penguin diet is made up fish, crustaceans and cephalopods.Although technically you could eat a penguin as they are not toxic to humans, it’s not possible to eat them due to international protection legislation, such as …Restaurant. M. Penguin Diner 2 is here to serve another slice of chaos in the kitchen. Penny the Penguin protagonist is dissatisfied with the food after returning home and decides to open up her own restaurant. It’s a hit with the local penguins, so you’ll have to move quickly to fulfill their orders and take their tips! Bringing quality and freshness right to your home. Contact Us 4400 Alcoa Ave Vernon, California, 90058 Share your best recipes, cooking advice and more with the TODAY Food Club. See the Responses See the Responses See the ResponsesOct 5, 2020 · In contrast, the smallest penguin, the little blue or the fairy penguin, is 10 – 12 inches (25 – 30 cm)in height, and its average weight is 2.2 lbs (1 kilogram). Although penguins can not fly, they are excellent swimmers! Their wings act like strong flippers, helping them to move quickly through the water. Penguins swim to depths of 20 ... Penking is a penguin-like Pal with a relatively large build. Like the smaller Pengullet, its body is primarily blue, with shades of both darker and lighter blues. It has white on its face and neck collar. The tassels over its shoulders are an amber color. Its beak has closer resemblance to various species of water fowl, platypus and Fuack than it does penguins …On New Zealand's South Island, yellow-eyed penguins used to be hunted for food. More recently, habitat loss and alien predators have decimated their numbers, leaving just 2,000 pairs.Penguin Food Court Kolkata, Belghoria; View reviews, menu, contact, location, and more for Penguin Food Court Restaurant.Mar 5, 2022 · Penguin Eating Habits and Diet Summary. You now know what do penguins eat in the wild as well as the typical food in a penguin’s diet. As you discovered in this guide, penguins are carnivores that prey on various species for nutrition with a penguin’s favorite food being things like krill, squid, and fish. The penguins suffer from the introduced sheep and cattle that can trample their nests as well as negatively affect the environment by overgrazing. And finally, environmental changes hugely impact the population of these penguins that are exposed to food shortages because of changes of the sea temperature, which, in turn, leads to sharp decline ...The Penguin Innovative Engineering Company has been in existence since 1992 and is known for its innovative manufacturing that has brought about a lot of Automation in the food manufacturing industry. The young owner of the company joint Mr. Aakash Gajjar produced 101 fresh inventions as a student during his engineering days.The penguins suffer from the introduced sheep and cattle that can trample their nests as well as negatively affect the environment by overgrazing. And finally, environmental changes hugely impact the population of these penguins that are exposed to food shortages because of changes of the sea temperature, which, in turn, leads to sharp decline ...Penguins are known for their fascinating breeding habits. They are largely monogamous, with some pairs staying together for up to 13 years. They come ashore to mate and lay eggs, with both parents helping with incubation. When the egg hatches, both parents hunt for food and use their unique calls to locate their chick upon their return.

Penguin Food Delivery. 10,206 likes. We provide catering services in KL/Selangor area. Wedding, birthday, gathering & etc. Minimum 10 pax. Caterpillar alice's adventures in wonderland

penguin food

Penguin - Flightless, Antarctic, Aquatic: Many features of the life cycle vary with body size and geographic distribution. Most species breed in the austral spring or summer. Penguins are adapted for rapid locomotion in water, in which the wings, or flippers, are used for propulsion. The type of food utilized varies with the species, geographic region, and time …Jan 16, 2018 · Heart Penguin Cookies from Parenting From The Heart Nutter Butter Penguins from Life with Moore Babies Olive Penguins from Life At The Zoo Penguin Cupcakes from Searching for Spice Cheesy Penguin Breads from Fab Food 4 All. A huge thank you to all my blogging friends for contributing so many fun penguin themed recipes and ideas, I hope you ... The Little Penguin is the smallest species of penguin, weighing only one kilogram (2.2 pounds) and ~33 cm (13 inches) tall. Every year during the reproductive season, parents engage on daily journeys to find food for their newborns, and their adventures are witnessed by ecotourists at nature parks that protect the delicate habitat …About Black Food. A beautiful, rich, and groundbreaking book exploring Black foodways within America and around the world, curated by food activist and author of Vegetable Kingdom Bryant Terry. WINNER OF THE ART OF EATING PRIZE • JAMES BEARD AWARD NOMINEE • ONE OF THE TEN BEST COOKBOOKS OF THE YEAR: The New …A Rockford tradition since 1948 offering full service catering and old world meat market. Specializing in culinary comfort foods to please any palate and pocketbook: European sausages, fresh bakery breads, smoked meats, deli products, and custom cut meat processing. Browse our site for corporate and social catering ideas, menus and prices for ... Using models that focused on the Galápagos penguin diet (barracuda, sardine, herring, salema, and anchovy), and on penguin scat, researchers intuited a unique Galápagos penguin food web model using Ecopath and Ecosim (EwE) ecosystem modeling with the Ecotracer approach to track the bioaccumulation potential of …Antarctic Logistics &Expeditions — a tour company offering 360-degree trips to the interior of Antarctica, has an adventure that will have penguin lovers emptying their savings acc...The penguins suffer from the introduced sheep and cattle that can trample their nests as well as negatively affect the environment by overgrazing. And finally, environmental changes hugely impact the population of these penguins that are exposed to food shortages because of changes of the sea temperature, which, in turn, leads to sharp decline ...Order Food Online from Penguin Food Court in Belgharia,Kolkata well known for Tandoori Restaurants in Kolkata . Rated 3.4 based on 1357 Customer Reviews and ...Penguins are known to be among the most social of all birds. But a pair at a bird park in Surrey have formed a particularly close friendship. A partially blind penguin named …Penguins have a diverse diet that primarily consists of marine organisms. Their food preferences vary depending on their species and geographic location. Common prey items include fish, krill, squid, and crustaceans. Penguins are adept hunters, utilizing their streamlined bodies and specialized hunting techniques to secure their meals.Dining in Penguin, Tasmania: See 783 Tripadvisor traveller reviews of 13 Penguin restaurants and search by cuisine, price, location, and more.Gentoo Penguins live mainly on crustaceans such as krill, with fish making up only about 15% of the diet. Gentoo Penguin Behaviour. Adult Gentoo Penguins only venture about 24 kilometres (15 miles) from the colony in search of food for their chicks. On average they dive deeper than Chinstrap penguins and Adelie penguins to avoidThere are currently 18 recognized species of penguins around the world, as determined by various agencies, scientists and experts in the field. Penguins live in many locations around the Southern Hemisphere. At very quick glance they look alike with white and black bodies, but they all have unique characteristics..

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